French Existentialism Philosophers Essay Example for Free

French Existentialism Philosophers Essay Gabriel Marcel is known to be one of the more religious philosophers who was a French Existentialist. He was a committed Catholic Philosopher and he believed that by being connected to others he will be connected to god. He believed that philosophy should be about hope and wanted to portray the more positive aspects of human characteristics through his writings and thoughts. Marcel has a belief that problems and mysteries were two separate ideas where problems exist outside and apart from ourselves and mysteries were unsolved queries that were more internal to one’s self. For example determining what a body is, is a problem and determining what my body is, is a mystery. He believes that we can use primary and secondary reflections in order to seek a solution to the problem or mystery being faced with. Primary reflections use analytical skills to separate the thinker from the problematic object in order to find a resolution. Separating the thinker from the problem is important in order to effectively reflect and create intellectual and moral means to a solution. Primary reflections use means of abstracting data and using it in order to manipulate the world and deal with the problem that is not always black and white or a right or wrong answer. Primary reflection approaches problems from an objective standpoint where the thinker is separate from the problem while the secondary reflection begins with the experience of existence within the problem and is used with reflection of a mystery. The secondary reflection is open to contemplation by looking at it as a unique presence. The existence within the world is not a problem that needs to be solved because humans and their bodies are intrinsically related to the world and they are in relation to each other, not objects or problems that can be manipulated. Marcel believed that Philosophy is a part of reflecting on a mystery and the mystery requires participation of the person reflecting because it is an experience of presence itself. A mystery involves you as an intrinsical part of the question which is a question of yourself and requires a solution by secondary reflection. A question becomes a mystery when it takes itself into the subject. Marcel believes that humans are increasingly becoming defined by their problems which cause alienation of themselves from themselves and also causing separation from others. The questions of â€Å"being† and humans are mysteries within the Marcel philosophies. When something is recognized as â€Å"not being† it cannot be a mystery. As humans we have a need for â€Å"being† with â€Å"ontological exigence† which consumes â€Å"being† upsurges of joy, happiness, hopefulness, expectations and desires. â€Å"Being† as a human means existing and experiencing the world and the subjects within it. Having something means exercising power over that thing by possession and rights to those possessions. By having rights over a possession can also enables that person to have the ability of disposal of that subject as well. Having something is different from experiencing that thing, for example having a body is different form experiencing your body because you cannot rid yourself of your body without ceasing to be. Life is not identical to a person’s â€Å"being† because â€Å"being† is the whole self which is more than life and it is what a person aspires to be. Humans can only evoke the fullness of â€Å"being† by engaging with others and coming together as a community. Marcel promotes the idea of living I-Thou which opens up and enhances a person’s â€Å"being† which God being the ultimate Thou. The I-Thou idea requires a person to be open to the â€Å"being† of others within their lives and not living only for themselves. Marcel has an interesting stance on the subject of love and how it should be defined. He believes that love has to do with inner subjectivity and it is about seeking and experiencing the â€Å"being† of the other. Love is not about possession or having another person which is commonly thought to be the main definition of what love means. Marcel believes that a self does not love, but it is the self that is constituted by love. When we attach predicates to a thou we limit our love for another and it’s trust and faith which constitutes love in the â€Å"being† of the other. I always thought that love had to do with possessing and labeling a person or subject as yours. However, Marcel’s philosophy on love has changed my point of view into believing that love is about fully accepting a person as who they are instead of trying to possess them and changing them into being an object of your desire and control. Part B: In Simone Beauvoir’s writing of The Ethics of Ambiguity she begins to elaborate on ethics and the importance of a moral obligation to overcome oppression. Moral acts and willing one’s self free is an obligation of a person in order to become a moral person. With moral freedom a person is not free unless they can deal with free individuals. We all should strive for our freedom as well as the freedom of others and the freedom of all. The freedom to choose is shaped by social and political freedom of people. Beauvoir believes that in order to free all we must take a stand for justice especially in the political sense. We ought to respect freedom when it serves freedom, but not when freedom distances itself from itself. For example when freedom is used in the oppression and the abuse of others, we ought not to respect it in cases such as a dictatorship oppressing the freedom of its people. Oppressing an oppressor is justified even when it requires violence and in cases of people rising up and rebelling the person or the system that has been oppressing them it is justifiable. In such cases casualties of war with sacrifices is justified when fighting for freedom because it makes it a just war. Simone Beauvoir states â€Å"the truth is that if division and violence define war, the world has always been at war and will always be; if man is waiting for universal peace in order to establish his existence validly, he will wait indefinitely: there will never be any other future. † (Beauvoir ) With this she means that if the only reasons for war are for violence to annihilate the other opponent because of division then war will never end and people will never reach complete liberation. However, oppressing and oppressor should never be driven by blind faith. The actions must be considered fully well and deliberate over choice. Each circumstance should be considered on a case by case basis and analyzed by practical problems. Ethics emphasize physical and social interaction in relation to other human beings because of freedom. Authentic morality involves engagement with the world that is not abstract intellectualism. People who sit by and talk about the problems and the circumstances that accustom the world are not engaging with the world directly. Beauvoir stresses that in order to achieve authentic morality people must do something to engage with the world not intellectualize the problems within it. Humans have a moral commitment to liberate the oppressed individuals because it causes limited liberation of their own freedom. Oppressed individuals may not even know that they are being oppressed and this why it is important for others to enlighten them and help them become liberated from their situation. With an oppressed individual, their own judgment that they are oppressed is what counts and this is why it’s an obligation of others who recognize the oppression to give them knowledge of their situation. Oppressed people are cut off from the future without the power of liberation to decide what is next for them in their lives. With liberation a person must be able to question values and oppressed individuals are not able to do this. Being oppressed does not gain moral character because character is not built by suffering. A person cannot say that they are a strong person because they have been accepting oppression and the suffering that comes with it. A person is strong when they take a stand for their liberation and fight for their own values as well as the liberation of others. However, power is limited within liberation, Beauvoir enforces this by stating that â€Å"to be free is not to have the power to do anything you like; it is to be able to surpass the given toward an open future; the existence of others as a freedom defines my situation and is even the condition of my own freedom. † (Beauvoir ) Power is a foundation of moral freedom and in order to engage the world a person must have power, but it is a limited power. Not only individuals of the world, but state also has an obligation to ensure that it’s people have a minimum level of well-being because this is necessary to freely act within the world. External help is needed in order to alleviate oppression and once an oppressed individual is placed within the presence of freedom they must pursue freedom for themselves and one cannot force freedom upon them or it would not be recognized as freedom at all. Works cited Beauvoir, S. D. The Works of Simone de Beauvoir. Zuubooks. com, 2010. Print. Marcel, Gabriel. A Gabriel Marcel Reader. 1st edition. St. Augustines Press, 2011. Print.

Womens Repression in The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin Essay

Kate Chopin's The Story of an Hour is a great story that conveys an important message about life and how difficult it can be for women, particularly in previous centuries. Back in the late 1800s and early 1900s, when this story was written, women were quite often mistreated and had to live restricted lives that lacked opportunity. Generally, women weren?t liberated during the 19th century. Traditionally, women did all the hard work in the house and had no opportunities to make their own living or pursue their own personal dreams. Kate Chopin does an outstanding job of portraying a woman living in these times. The Story of an Hour is a good depiction of the unspoken repression that women faced in the past. Kate Chopin's major theme of the repression of women is expressed by use of internal conflict, foreshadowing, symbolism, and dramatic irony. Internal conflict is a key constituent of ?The Story of an Hour? because it is the basic premise of the theme. The internal conflict that Mrs. Louise Mallard faces throughout the story helps the reader gain a gradual understanding of the true... Women's Repression in The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin Essay Kate Chopin's The Story of an Hour is a great story that conveys an important message about life and how difficult it can be for women, particularly in previous centuries. Back in the late 1800s and early 1900s, when this story was written, women were quite often mistreated and had to live restricted lives that lacked opportunity. Generally, women weren?t liberated during the 19th century. Traditionally, women did all the hard work in the house and had no opportunities to make their own living or pursue their own personal dreams. Kate Chopin does an outstanding job of portraying a woman living in these times. The Story of an Hour is a good depiction of the unspoken repression that women faced in the past. Kate Chopin's major theme of the repression of women is expressed by use of internal conflict, foreshadowing, symbolism, and dramatic irony. Internal conflict is a key constituent of ?The Story of an Hour? because it is the basic premise of the theme. The internal conflict that Mrs. Louise Mallard faces throughout the story helps the reader gain a gradual understanding of the true...

Internet Addiction and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Essay

The world as we know it has begun to turn into one of modern technology and reliance on modern technology. The coming generations will grow up with even more technology surrounding them in addition to mp3s, cell phones, computers, convenience machines, and the internet. The internet is always expanding and encompassing more as time passes on. From its’ development to today, the internet is used for more than information gathering, such as playing video games, games, socializing via chatting, Skype, social networking sites, watching movies, and more. With so much to do on the internet, it can become time consuming and even become addictive to some, leading to excessive overuse or addiction. Internet addiction behaviors include â€Å"us[ing] the internet for extended periods, isolating themselves from other forms of social contact, and focus almost entirely on the internet rather than broader life events† (Weinstein 2010, p. 277). Therefore, moderating your intern et use time and early treatment of excessive internet use or internet addiction would reduce the risks of further consequences such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Internet addiction is a term I had only heard of recently and the association between this topic and ADHD is even more new to me. We rely on the internet to communicate and keep track of everything happening around the world, with friends and family, work, etc. In the beginning, the internet was used for information gathering, storing, and passing on and used by the government and military with limited access and/or use by civilians. However, the internet is more easily accessible these days and we have become highly dependent on it to get through the day. With the amount of activities we... ...37-943. Marks, I. (1990). Behavioural (non-chemical) addictions. British Journal of Addictions 85, 1389-1394. McGough, J. J., & Barkley, R. A. (2004). Diagnostic controversies in Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 161(11), 1948-1956. Weinstein, A., Lejoyeux, M. (2010). Internet addiction or excessive internet use. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36, 277-283. Yen, J., Yen, C., Chen, C., Tang, T., & Ko, C. (2009). The association between adult adhd symptoms and internet addiction among college students: The gender difference. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(2), 187-191. Yoo, H. J., Cho, S. C., Ha, J., Yune, S. K., Kim, S. J., Hwang, J., Chung, A., Sung, H. S., Lyoo, I. K. (2004). Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and internet addiction. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 58, 487-494. Internet Addiction and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Essay The world as we know it has begun to turn into one of modern technology and reliance on modern technology. The coming generations will grow up with even more technology surrounding them in addition to mp3s, cell phones, computers, convenience machines, and the internet. The internet is always expanding and encompassing more as time passes on. From its’ development to today, the internet is used for more than information gathering, such as playing video games, games, socializing via chatting, Skype, social networking sites, watching movies, and more. With so much to do on the internet, it can become time consuming and even become addictive to some, leading to excessive overuse or addiction. Internet addiction behaviors include â€Å"us[ing] the internet for extended periods, isolating themselves from other forms of social contact, and focus almost entirely on the internet rather than broader life events† (Weinstein 2010, p. 277). Therefore, moderating your intern et use time and early treatment of excessive internet use or internet addiction would reduce the risks of further consequences such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Internet addiction is a term I had only heard of recently and the association between this topic and ADHD is even more new to me. We rely on the internet to communicate and keep track of everything happening around the world, with friends and family, work, etc. In the beginning, the internet was used for information gathering, storing, and passing on and used by the government and military with limited access and/or use by civilians. However, the internet is more easily accessible these days and we have become highly dependent on it to get through the day. With the amount of activities we... ...37-943. Marks, I. (1990). Behavioural (non-chemical) addictions. British Journal of Addictions 85, 1389-1394. McGough, J. J., & Barkley, R. A. (2004). Diagnostic controversies in Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry, 161(11), 1948-1956. Weinstein, A., Lejoyeux, M. (2010). Internet addiction or excessive internet use. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36, 277-283. Yen, J., Yen, C., Chen, C., Tang, T., & Ko, C. (2009). The association between adult adhd symptoms and internet addiction among college students: The gender difference. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(2), 187-191. Yoo, H. J., Cho, S. C., Ha, J., Yune, S. K., Kim, S. J., Hwang, J., Chung, A., Sung, H. S., Lyoo, I. K. (2004). Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and internet addiction. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 58, 487-494.

Logic and logic gates Essay

1 describe using examples how numeric and alphanumeric data can be coded within a computer system M1 explain using examples how data travels around the processor D1 create complex logic circuits made up of arrays of simple logic circuits P2 describe how analogue data can be converted and stored in computer systems M2 create logic circuits using simple logic gates and provide truth tables and explanation as to their operation D2 compare and contrast two different processors. P3 convert numeric data between different number systems including floating point. M3 create low-level programs which involve decision making and branching P4 carry out manipulation of numeric data held in three different number systems M4 describe the difference between astable and bistable flip-flops. P5 describe the key components of a computer architecture and how they interact P6 describe the features of a processor P7 describe the operation of logic gates using truth tables P8 create, document and test low-level Programs BTEC National Unit 9 Computer Architecture Assignment 2: Computer Components and Features Criterion covered P7, M2, M4, D1. For these tasks you are required to produce a report using drawings or diagrams and appropriate technical language. Make sure you use appropriate headings and subheadings to identify separate tasks and requirements 1) Use logic diagrams, and truth tables and narrative to describe the operation of the following logic gates: [P7] 2) Use simple logic gates (eg AND, OR, NOT) to produce a logic circuit to: a) Show a security circuit which includes input from a movement-sensing PIR (passive infra red sensor) and a light sensor. While there is movement sensed, and it is dark, the security light must be lit. b) Describe the logic circuit for accessing an electrical cabinet. For safety reasons, a high voltage electrical maintenance cabinet can only be accessed if the power is off, a special key is inserted, and the high tension line is earthed. c) Describe the logic circuit for a Half-Adder. Be sure to include the logic diagram, Boolean algebra statement and truth table for each and a description of how each works. You will also need to provide keys to any letters used to represent inputs and outputs. [M2] 3) Describe the difference between astable and bistable flip-flops using appropriate diagrams. [M4] 4) Build complex logic circuits from arrays of simple logic circuits to: a) Use Half-Adders and further logic gates to build a Full Adder b)build a logic circuit including Full Adders to add together the contents of two eight-bit registers. The formula for working out the number of possible outputs is 2n. N is the number of inputs. E. g.if there are 2 inputs than the formula would be 22. The answer is 4. This means that there are 4 possible outputs. Truth Table Input Output A. AND GATE In AND gates the output can only be 1 if all the inputs are all 1 and if either of the output are 0 and the other input is 1 than output will always be 0. The two inputs AB and output Q represent the expression which in effect is right because the stands for AND. Truth Table Input Output ABC Z 0gate can have more than 2 inputs. The above NAND gate has 3 inputs. Therefore the formula to work out the number of output is 23 = 8. The truth table is on the side. Even though the formula to work out the number of outputs for the truth table is the same, the actual gate is completely opposite because if the can only be 0 if all inputs are 1. The output will always be 1 if the inputs are mix of 0 and 1. The input expression for this gate is . The line above stands for NOT. The circle on the symbol is called a bubble and is generally used to indicate the inverted (active-low) input or output. The output can only be 1 is all the two inputs are 0 and if the output is 0 that means that the two inputs are 1 and 0 or 0 and 1. The expression for this gate is . This means that Q Gate also know as an â€Å"Inverter†, there is always 1 input. If the input is 1 than output is 0 and if the output is 1 than output has to be 0. The logical expression is which means This type of gate is implemented in computers for binary addition. If both the inputs are 0 than the output will also be 0 and if both the inputs are 1 than the output will also be 0. XOR is actually short for exclusive OR. The logical expression for the XOR gate is which means that   This type of gate is simply the inverse of XOR (exclusive OR). You can only get a result of 1 is both the inputs are same either 00 or 11. If the inputs are different e. g. 0 and 1 or 1 and 0 than the output will be 0. The expression for this type of gate is. North Warwickshire & Hinckley College.

Fred Lebow Essays

Fred Lebow Essays Fred Lebow Essay Fred Lebow Essay Name: Course: Lecturer: Institution: : Date: Fred Lebow If a person is asked, who started the New York City marathon, the first thought is mostly about the Kenyan runners who have been winning medals in the athletic sports arena combined with the American runners to create spectacular events. It should be noted that the New York City marathon was created by the least likely person. The man is known as Fred Lebow. The man turned a simple dream into a reality. Before creating the New York City marathon, he was called a dreamer. After the creation of the New York City marathon, he became a visionary. Through the art of shtick gimmicks, Fred Lebow was able to convince most of the sponsors to fund the race, as well as making other companies benefit from it. The New York City marathon was conceived in a simple way. Fred Lebow had to apply several shtick and gimmicks to lure the different authorities to give him the permit to use the Central Park for runners. He said that some of his wealthy friends in the runners’ club were going to sponsor the event. The authorities gave him the permit to use the Central Park unaware of what was coming their way. He went on to popularize the race in the media fraternity by indicating that prominent runners will attend. After this, the New York City marathon race was born. As the years went by, the event grew bigger every year. Fred Lebow created the race using the big apple as its logo. The T-shirts being used by the runners, which had to be worn, conveyed the picture of an apple with the saying ‘big apple’. This was an extremely good campaign for the Big Apple Company because it marketed their products all over the world. This is a free form of advertisement for the Big Apple Company because their products are being promoted with the use of celebrities in the athletics’ arena. The race comes once in a year and runners from everywhere in the world, participate in this event. Therefore, the event is viewed all over the world making it a good day for the Big Apple Company every year during the marathon.. In order for the New York City marathon to happen, Fred Lebow applies ‘Power the Central Concept in Political Science’ in that he had to use power to control the media and the relevant authorities that were involved in the creation of the marathon. First, he skimmed and made everybody to believe that he had a couple of millionaire friends who were ready and willing to sponsor the event. In the real sense, when money is involved there is the show of power and might. Often, people with money are believed to command power in the society. Therefore, Fred Lebow used this gimmick to manipulate the authorities to give him a permit to use the central park. The other form of power that Lebow used to manipulate people in making the New York City marathon a reality are the celebrities. Although it is difficult to understand, the celebrities command some power in the society. This is because people look up to them in the society and they believe in whatever they are saying. In many cases, politicians use the celebrities in conducting their campaigns because they are able to reach to the ears of many people. In this case, Lebow used prominent people or athletes who had won several marathons before. For instance, when he approached the New York Times, nobody knew him or even had heard of the New York City Marathon. The shtick that Lebow used in the creation of the New York City marathon is the use of the political figures. He invited the mayor of New York City in the race to attract people’s attention. Political people or figures command an amount of power in the government. These people control most of the government resources. Additionally, they are involved in decision-making of major policies in the government. In this case, Lebow strategically used the mayor to attract the crowds of people and runners to show the seriousness of the marathon. This worked extremely well because many people and runners availed themselves for the marathon and the media was covering the full story. This resulted to the growth of the New York City Marathon to where it is today. The last form of power used by Lebow to create the New York City marathon is the use of prestigious sponsors. When the Marathon was being started, Lebow did not have any sponsors but he was lying to the people involved that he had prestigious sponsors who were willing to fund the event. In reality, big companies and rich people have some power in them in the society. The mention of a big company will most likely attract the attention of the people and the media. This means that they have power if they are able to command the attention of people. In this situation, Lebow was able to command the attention of people by the use of fictitious sponsors who sounded to be prestigious. To start or create something is hard, but the extent to which one is willing to go in order to create anything makes it easy. Fred Lebow was such a man who was quiet but because of his will, he was able to create one of the most prominent events in the world, the New York City Marathon. This event has become an advantage to some companies like the Big Apple Company because their products are showcased all over the world. Lebow used shticks and gimmicks to manipulate the authorities in creating one of the most breath taking marathons in the world. For this fact, he is seen as man of vision and not a dreamer.

Why Human Cloning Should Be Illegal essays

Why Human Cloning Should Be Illegal essays A basketball team with five Michael Jordans just wouldnt be fair, even against the best team in the league. If human cloning was legal, that is the kind of thing the world would be facing. People could clone anyone and use it against other people to hurt them or even kill people; anything would be possible. Human cloning would bring about a whole new era of lies, deception and criminal behavior among human kind. If human cloning is legalized then a mother can have a daughter, and they could be twins. A mother could have a son, and her husband could be his twin. It would just create chaos in the world, unhumane, and unethical situations for the government and the people to have to figure out. Human cloning mistakes would be abortion, which as of right now is still considered murder. The project for cloning the famous sheep, Dolly, was started back in 1970. She was cloned by a somatic cell nuclear transfer. (Jones) A single cell from her mothers egg and a mammary cell were fused together. After they are fused together, the cell turned into an embryo, which was implanted in a surrogate sheep. (Jones) The embryo then turned into a lamb that was genetically identical to the donor sheep. (Jones) Scientists didnt create Dolly on the first try. It took them two hundred and seventy-seven tries before they actually created her. She of course died because cloning means a shorter life span and more health complications. (Jones) According to the republican representative, Dave Weldon of Florida, human cloning is both unsafe and unethical. He has created a bill against human and embryonic cloning. Even cloning sheep, mice, cows, and pigs should be illegal. Everyone keeps claiming that there are therapeutic purposes behind cloning, but in all reality there are no reasons or purposes at all. Weldon believes that human cloning is disrespect towards human life. Man is trying ...

martin luther king and mass media essays

martin luther king and mass media essays Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Mass Media Martin Luther King Jr. was a very significant and influential man. Though his life was cut short at 39 years old, he left a big mark on today's society. From the Prayer Pilgrimage of May 17, 1957, an event and a date that marked King's entre into the field of national Negro leadership to the unforgettable March on Washington. (Bennett 10) King was determined to reach his goal, which was to have blacks and whiter united and treated equally. King was faced with many obstacles, including the press. At first, there was hardly any print about King's events and protests. When the events did get recognition King's name wasn't mentioned at all. Not until many years later when the protests sparked violence and death was King's name mentioned and even then, it was used in negative way. In this paper, I will discuss how the news magazines Time, Newsweek, and the U.S. News went about distorting, neglecting, and eventually praising King and his events. In order to help understand the Civil Rights Movement and it controversy you have to start at the beginning. On the way home from work as a seamstress Mrs. Rosa Parks boarded a Montgomery City Line bus. When asked to give up her seat for a white passenger Rosa Parks refused. The bus driver left his seat and summoned the police. The police officer arrested Rosa Parks for violating the cities segregation ordinances. ( Bennett 59) Rosa Parks arrest sparked a one-day boycott that stretched out to 382 days. That event started the Civil Rights movement and changed the spirit of Martin Luther Kings, Jr. Time magazine was the first of the newsmagazines to pick up the story of the bus boycott. (Lentz 26) Newsweek didn't print the story until five months after it happened. In addition, not until then did King's name was mentioned by it or Time. Neither King nor the cause grabbed the attention of U.S. News & World Report. What they d...